Kev tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw rau kev tsheb ciav hlau tau mus txog ze li ib nrab xyoo pua.Txawm hais tias txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab kev tsheb ciav hlau ceev hauv Suav teb thiab kev siv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke hauv daim teb no yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, lub zog fiber ntau ntawm cov khoom siv dav siv hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau txawv teb chaws yog cov iav fiber ntau, uas txawv ntawm uas yog carbon fiber composites nyob rau hauv Suav teb.Raws li tau hais hauv tsab xov xwm no, carbon fiber tsawg dua 10% ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw rau lub cev tsim los ntawm TPI Composites Company, thiab tus so yog iav fiber ntau, yog li nws tuaj yeem sib npaug tus nqi thaum ua kom lub teeb yuag.Kev siv loj ntawm cov pa roj carbon fiber inevitably ua rau cov nqi nyuaj, yog li nws tuaj yeem siv rau hauv qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv xws li bogies.
Tau ntau tshaj 50 xyoo, Norplex-Micarta, tus tsim cov thermosetting composites, tau muaj kev lag luam ruaj khov ua cov khoom siv rau kev tsheb ciav hlau, suav nrog cov tsheb ciav hlau, lub teeb-rail braking systems, thiab hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev rau elevated rails.Tab sis niaj hnub no, lub tuam txhab kev lag luam tau nthuav dav tshaj qhov nqaim niche rau hauv ntau daim ntawv thov xws li phab ntsa, ru tsev thiab hauv pem teb.
Dustin Davis, tus thawj coj ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam rau Norplex-Micarta, ntseeg hais tias kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab lwm yam kev lag luam tsheb thauj mus los yuav nce ntxiv rau nws lub tuam txhab, nrog rau lwm cov tuam txhab tsim khoom thiab cov chaw muag khoom, hauv xyoo tom ntej.Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau qhov kev xav tau loj hlob no, ib qho yog European kev lees paub ntawm Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob EN 45545-2, uas qhia txog kev tiv thaiv hluav taws ntau dua, pa taws thiab roj (FST) cov cai rau kev thauj mus los.Los ntawm kev siv cov tshuab phenolic resin, cov tuam txhab tsim khoom sib xyaw tuaj yeem sib xyaw cov hluav taws kub thiab cov pa taws tiv thaiv rau hauv lawv cov khoom.
Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg tsav tsheb npav, subway thiab tsheb ciav hlau pib paub qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw hauv kev txo cov suab nrov vibration thiab cacophony.Davis tau hais tias "Yog tias koj tau nyob hauv subway thiab hnov ib lub phaj hlau rattling," Davis hais.Yog tias lub vaj huam sib luag yog ua los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, nws yuav kaw lub suab thiab ua rau lub tsheb ciav hlau ntsiag to. "
Qhov hnyav dua ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw kuj ua rau nws txaus nyiam rau cov neeg tsav tsheb npav xav kom txo qis kev siv roj thiab nthuav nws ntau yam.Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom lub Cuaj Hlis 2018, lub tuam txhab tshawb fawb kev lag luam Lucintel tau kwv yees tias lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam rau cov khoom siv sib xyaw siv hauv kev thauj mus los loj thiab tsheb khiav tawm yuav loj hlob ntawm tus nqi txhua xyoo ntawm 4.6 feem pua ntawm 2018 thiab 2023, nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm $ 1 billion los ntawm 2023. Cov cib fim yuav los ntawm ntau yam kev siv, nrog rau sab nrauv, sab hauv, hood thiab powertrain qhov chaw, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Norplex-Micarta tam sim no tsim cov khoom tshiab uas tam sim no raug sim ntawm cov kab tsheb ciav hlau hauv Tebchaws Meskas.Tsis tas li ntawd, lub tuam txhab tseem tsom mus rau cov tshuab hluav taws xob nrog cov khoom siv fiber ntau txuas ntxiv thiab ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem kho kom sai."Koj tuaj yeem txo cov nqi, nce ntau lawm, thiab nqa tag nrho cov haujlwm ntawm FST phenolic rau kev ua lag luam," Davis piav qhia.Thaum cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw tuaj yeem kim dua li cov hlau zoo sib xws, Davis hais tias tus nqi tsis yog daim ntawv thov txiav txim siab qhov lawv tab tom kawm.
Lub teeb thiab nplaim-retardant
Kev kho dua tshiab ntawm European rail neeg tsav tsheb Duetsche Bahn lub nkoj ntawm 66 ICE-3 Express tsheb yog ib lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb ntawm cov neeg siv khoom.Lub tshuab cua txias, cov neeg caij tsheb lom zem thiab cov rooj zaum tshiab ntxiv qhov hnyav uas tsis tsim nyog rau ICE-3 rail tsheb.Tsis tas li ntawd, thawj plywood flooring tsis tau raws li cov qauv hluav taws kub tshiab nyob sab Europe.Lub tuam txhab xav tau kev daws teeb meem hauv pem teb los pab txo qhov hnyav thiab ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tiv thaiv hluav taws.Lub teeb sib xyaw flooring yog cov lus teb.
Saertex, lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov ntaub sib xyaw ua ke raws li nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, muab cov khoom siv LEO® rau nws cov flooring.Daniel Stumpp, lub taub hau ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Saertex Group, tau hais tias LEO yog ib txheej txheej, tsis-crimped npuag uas muaj cov khoom siv ntau dua thiab muaj peev xwm hnyav dua li cov ntaub npuag.Cov txheej txheem plaub-cov khoom sib xyaw suav nrog cov txheej txheem hluav taws kub tshwj xeeb, cov ntaub ntawv fiberglass reinforced, SAERfoam® (cov khoom siv tseem ceeb nrog kev sib xyaw 3D-fiberglass Bridges), thiab LEO yas ester resins.
SMT (tseem nyob hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes), cov chaw tsim khoom siv sib xyaw, tsim hauv pem teb los ntawm cov txheej txheem nqus cov khoom siv rov siv dua silicon lub tshuab nqus tsev ua los ntawm Alan Harper, lub tuam txhab British."Peb txuag tau li 50 feem pua ntawm qhov hnyav los ntawm cov plywood yav dhau los," Stumpp hais."Lub LEO system yog ua raws li cov fiber ntau laminates tsis tu ncua nrog cov txheej txheem uas tsis yog-filled nrog cov khoom siv zoo heev.... . Ntxiv rau, cov khoom sib xyaw tsis rot, uas yog qhov zoo dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj chaw uas nws snows nyob rau lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj no. pem teb yog ntub."Hauv pem teb, cov ntaub pua plag saum toj kawg nkaus thiab cov khoom siv roj hmab tag nrho ua tau raws li cov qauv hluav taws xob tshiab.
SMT tau tsim ntau dua 32,000 square feet ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag, uas tau teeb tsa nyob rau hauv kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm yim lub tsheb ciav hlau ICE-3 rau hnub tim.Thaum lub sijhawm kho dua tshiab, qhov loj ntawm txhua lub vaj huam sib luag tau ua kom zoo kom haum rau ib lub tsheb tshwj xeeb.Lub OEM ntawm ICE-3 sedan tau zoo siab heev nrog cov txheej txheem tshiab hauv pem teb uas nws tau txiav txim kom muaj lub ru tsev sib txuas los hloov cov qauv qub hlau ru tsev hauv cov tsheb ciav hlau.
Mus ntxiv
Proterra, tus tsim qauv hauv California thiab tsim cov tsheb npav hluav taws xob xoom-emission, tau siv cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw hauv txhua lub cev txij li xyoo 2009. Nyob rau xyoo 2017, lub tuam txhab tau teeb tsa cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tsav tsheb 1,100 ib-txoj kev mais ntawm nws lub roj teeb-them Catalyst. ® E2 bus.Lub npav ntawd nta lub cev hnyav ua los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom sib xyaw TPI Composite.
* Tsis ntev los no, TPI koom tes nrog Proterra los tsim ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm txhua lub tsheb npav hluav taws xob."Hauv lub tsheb npav lossis tsheb thauj khoom, muaj lub chassis, thiab lub cev zaum saum lub chassis," piav qhia Todd Altman, tus thawj coj ntawm Strategic marketing ntawm TPI.Nrog lub plhaub tawv tsim ntawm lub tsheb npav, peb muab lub chassis thiab lub cev sib xyaw ua ke, zoo ib yam li kev tsim ntawm lub tsheb tag nrho." Ib qho qauv tsim muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li ob lub qauv sib txawv hauv kev ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
Proterra ib leeg-plhaub lub cev yog lub hom phiaj tsim, tsim los ntawm kos los ua lub tsheb hluav taws xob.Qhov ntawd yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb, Altman tau hais tias, vim tias qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm ntau tus neeg tsim tsheb thiab cov neeg tsav tsheb hluav taws xob tau sim sim qee qhov kev sim los hloov lawv cov qauv tsim rau sab hauv combustion engine rau lub tsheb fais fab."Lawv tab tom noj cov platforms uas twb muaj lawm thiab sim ntim cov roj teeb ntau li ntau tau. Nws tsis muab qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm txhua qhov kev xav.""Altman hais.
Ntau lub tsheb npav hluav taws xob, piv txwv li, muaj roj teeb nyob tom qab lossis saum lub tsheb.Tab sis rau Proterra, TPI muaj peev xwm mount lub roj teeb hauv qab lub tsheb npav."Yog tias koj ntxiv qhov hnyav ntau rau cov qauv ntawm lub tsheb, koj xav kom qhov hnyav li qhov ua tau, ob qho tib si los ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo thiab los ntawm qhov pom kev nyab xeeb," Altman tau hais.Nws tau sau tseg tias tam sim no ntau lub tsheb npav hluav taws xob thiab tsheb tuam txhab lag luam tau rov qab mus rau lub rooj tsav xwm kos duab los tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab cov phiaj xwm tsim rau lawv lub tsheb.
TPI tau nkag mus rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus tsib xyoos nrog Proterra los tsim txog li 3,350 lub tsheb npav sib xyaw ntawm TPI cov chaw hauv Iowa thiab Rhode Island.
Yuav tsum tau kho
Tsim lub Catalyst tsheb npav lub cev xav kom TPI thiab Proterra tas li sib npaug ntawm qhov muaj zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm txhua yam khoom sib txawv kom lawv tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov hom phiaj tus nqi thaum ua tiav kev ua haujlwm zoo.Altman tau sau tseg tias TPI qhov kev paub dhau los hauv kev tsim cov cua tshuab loj uas ntev li 200 feet ntev thiab hnyav 25,000 phaus ua rau nws yooj yim rau lawv los tsim 40-foot tsheb npav lub cev uas hnyav ntawm 6,000 thiab 10,000 phaus.
TPI muaj peev xwm tau txais cov qauv tsim muaj zog los ntawm kev xaiv siv cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau thiab khaws nws los txhawb cov cheeb tsam uas ris lub nra hnyav tshaj plaws.Altman tau hais tias "Peb siv cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau uas koj tuaj yeem pib yuav tsheb," Altman hais.Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau ua rau tsawg dua 10 feem pua ntawm lub cev cov khoom siv ntxiv, nrog rau qhov seem yog fiberglass.
TPI xaiv vinyl ester resin rau ib qho laj thawj zoo sib xws."Thaum peb saib cov epoxies, lawv zoo heev, tab sis thaum koj kho lawv, koj yuav tsum nce qhov kub thiab txias, yog li koj yuav tsum ua kom sov cov pwm. Nws yog ib qho kev siv nyiaj ntxiv," nws hais ntxiv.
Lub tuam txhab siv lub tshuab nqus tsev hloov pauv hloov pwm (VARTM) los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke uas muab qhov tsim nyog nruj rau ib lub plhaub.Thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov txheej txheem, qee cov hlau fittings (xws li threaded fittings thiab tapping plates) tau muab tso rau hauv lub cev.Lub tsheb npav tau muab faib ua rau sab sauv thiab qis, uas yog tom qab ntawd sib txuas ua ke.Cov neeg ua haujlwm tom qab yuav tsum ntxiv cov khoom sib xyaw me me xws li fairings, tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm cov khoom yog ib feem ntawm lub tsheb npav hlau.
Tom qab xa lub cev tiav mus rau Proterra tsheb npav cov chaw tsim khoom, cov kab ntau lawm ntws nrawm dua vim tias muaj kev ua haujlwm tsawg dua."Lawv tsis tas yuav ua tag nrho cov vuam, sib tsoo thiab kev tsim khoom, thiab lawv muaj qhov sib txuas yooj yim heev los txuas lub cev mus rau lub tsheb ciav hlau," Altman ntxiv.Proterra txuag lub sijhawm thiab txo cov nyiaj siv ua haujlwm vim tias qhov chaw tsim khoom tsawg dua yuav tsum muaj rau lub plhaub monocotic.
Altman ntseeg tias qhov kev thov rau cov tsheb npav sib xyaw yuav txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv thaum cov nroog tig mus rau cov tsheb npav hluav taws xob kom txo tau cov pa phem thiab txo cov nqi.Raws li Proterra, roj teeb hluav taws xob tsheb muaj tus nqi qis tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej ua haujlwm (12 xyoo) piv rau cov roj av, cov roj cua compressed lossis diesel hybrid tsheb npav.Qhov ntawd tej zaum yuav yog ib qho laj thawj vim li cas Proterra hais tias kev muag khoom ntawm cov tsheb npav hluav taws xob tam sim no suav txog 10% ntawm tag nrho cov kev lag luam thauj.
Tseem muaj qee qhov teeb meem rau kev siv dav ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw hauv lub tsheb npav hluav taws xob.Ib qho yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tsheb npav sib txawv cov neeg siv khoom xav tau."Txhua tus neeg caij npav nyiam kom tau tsheb npav hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv - kev teeb tsa lub rooj zaum, hatch qhib. Nws yog ib qho kev sib tw loj rau cov tuam txhab tsheb npav, thiab ntau yam ntawm cov khoom teeb tsa tuaj yeem mus rau peb.""Altman tau hais. "Kev koom ua ke lub cev cov tuam txhab xav kom muaj tus qauv tsim, tab sis yog tias txhua tus neeg siv khoom xav tau kev hloov kho siab, nws yuav nyuaj rau ua qhov ntawd." TPI txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm nrog Proterra los txhim kho lub tsheb npav tsim kom tswj tau zoo dua. qhov hloov tau xav tau los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom kawg.
Tshawb nrhiav qhov ua tau
Composites tseem tab tom sim seb nws cov ntaub ntawv puas haum rau kev siv tsheb thauj mus los tshiab.Hauv tebchaws Askiv, ELG Carbon Fiber, uas tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis rau kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab rov siv cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau, ua rau cov koom haum ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom sib xyaw sib xyaw rau cov bogies hauv cov neeg caij tsheb.Lub bogie txhawb nqa lub cev ntawm lub tsheb, coj lub wheelset thiab tuav nws ruaj khov.Lawv pab txhim kho kev nplij siab los ntawm kev nqus cov tsheb ciav hlau kev co thiab txo qis zog centrifugal thaum lub tsheb ciav hlau tig.
Ib lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov project yog tsim cov bogies uas yog 50 feem pua sib dua li piv cov hlau bogies."Yog tias lub bogie sib dua, nws yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj tsawg dua, thiab vim tias cov khoom thauj ntawm txoj kev yuav qis dua, kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm thiab cov nqi kho yuav raug txo," said Camille Seurat, ELG cov khoom tsim khoom tsim khoom.Lub hom phiaj ntxiv yog kom txo qis sab-rau-rail log rog los ntawm 40% thiab muab kev saib xyuas lub neej.Lub UK's non-profit Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) yog pab nyiaj rau qhov project nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam.
Kev sim ntau lawm tau ua tiav thiab ntau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas vaj huam sib luag tau ua los ntawm kev siv prepregs los ntawm kev tuag nias, cov txheej txheem ntub dej, perfusion thiab autoclave.Vim tias kev tsim cov bogies yuav raug txwv, lub tuam txhab xaiv epoxy prepreg kho nyob rau hauv autoclaves raws li tus nqi-zoo tshaj ntawm kev tsim kho.
Tus qauv bogie tag nrho yog 8.8 taw ntev, 6.7 ko taw dav thiab 2.8 taw siab.Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau (nonwoven pads muab los ntawm ELG) thiab raw carbon fiber ntaub.Cov fibers ib-txoj kev yuav siv rau lub ntsiab lub zog lub ntsiab thiab yuav muab tso rau hauv pwm siv neeg hlau tshuab.Ib qho epoxy nrog cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo yuav raug xaiv, uas yuav yog cov txheej txheem tshiab cov nplaim hluav taws retardant epoxy uas tau ntawv pov thawj EN45545-2 rau kev siv hauv kev tsheb ciav hlau.
Tsis zoo li steel bogies, uas yog welded los ntawm lub kauj kab teeb mus rau ob sab beams, composite bogies yuav tsum tau ua nrog sib txawv saum thiab hauv qab uas yog ces koom ua ke.Txhawm rau hloov cov hlau bogies uas twb muaj lawm, cov kev sib xyaw ua ke yuav tsum tau muab cov kev ncua thiab nres nres thiab lwm yam khoom siv hauv tib txoj haujlwm."Rau tam sim no, peb tau xaiv los khaws cov hlau fittings, tab sis rau cov haujlwm ntxiv, nws yuav zoo siab los hloov cov hlau fittings nrog cov khoom sib xyaw kom peb tuaj yeem txo qhov hnyav kawg," Seurat hais.
Ib tus tswvcuab koom tes ntawm Sensors thiab Composites Group ntawm University of Birmingham yog tus saib xyuas kev txhim kho ntawm lub sensor, uas yuav muab tso rau hauv kev sib xyaw bogie ntawm cov theem tsim khoom."Feem ntau cov sensors yuav tsom mus rau kev saib xyuas kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib cais ntawm lub bogie, thaum lwm tus yog rau qhov ntsuas kub," Seurat tau hais.Cov sensors yuav tso cai rau lub sijhawm saib xyuas ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw, tso cai rau kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub neej.Qhov no yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab kev qaug zog ntev.
Cov kev tshawb fawb ua ntej qhia tau hais tias cov bogies sib xyaw yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov xav tau qhov hnyav ntawm 50%.Pab pawg ua haujlwm vam tias yuav muaj lub bogie loj npaj rau kev sim los ntawm ib nrab xyoo 2019.Yog tias tus qauv ua tau raws li qhov xav tau, lawv yuav tsim ntau cov bogies los kuaj cov tsheb ciav hlau ua los ntawm Alstom, lub tuam txhab tsheb thauj mus los.
Raws li Seurat, txawm hais tias tseem muaj ntau txoj haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua, cov lus qhia ntxov qhia tias nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev lag luam zoo sib xws uas tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov hlau bogies hauv tus nqi thiab lub zog."Tom qab ntawd kuv xav tias muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv thiab muaj peev xwm siv tau rau kev sib xyaw hauv kev lag luam tsheb ciav hlau," nws hais ntxiv.(Cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm Carbon Fiber thiab Nws Composite Technology los ntawm Dr. Qian Xin).
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-07-2023